Therefore, the goal of this study was to describe the morphology, microbiota, and metabolome along the intestinal tract of clinically healthy Salmonella- and Campylobacter-free commercial turkey hens throughout the fattening period from 7 to 10 weeks post-hatch, and obtain information on the stability of the investigated values over time. To date, detailed knowledge about gut health characteristics, especially during the critical fattening period, is still lacking for turkeys. A clear definition of a healthy gut is a prerequisite to developing new strategies for improved gut health and, thus, general health, welfare and productivity. Performance and disease resilience are directly linked to gut health. The global turkey industry is confronted with emerging challenges regarding health and welfare. Synergistic effects of Bifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67 and selected prebiotics on inhibition of Salmonella colonization Tanner et al. Prebiotic potential of different dietary fibers Poeker et al. Modulation of lactate metabolism by faecal inoculum, pH and retention Pham et al. Inhibitory Activity of Microcin J25 (bacteriocin produced by Escherichia coli) Against Salmonella Newport Naimi et al. Bistable auto-aggregation phenotype in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Isenring In Vitro Gut Modeling as a Tool for Adaptive Evolutionary Engineering of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Isenring et al. Modulatory effects of Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1518 on composition and function of elderly gut microbiota Fehlbaum et al. Clostridium difficile colonization and antibiotics response in elderly intestinal fermentation Fehlbaum et al. Effect of iron on butyrate production by the child's gut microbiota in vitro Dostal et al. Effect of storage on planktonic and sessile artificial colonic microbiota Bircher Effect of dietary nucleosides and yeast extracts on composition and metabolic activity of infant gut microbiota Doo et al. Modeling of chicken cecal microbiota ecology and metabolism Asare et al. Our PolyFermS chicken cecum model is a useful tool to study microbiota functionality and structure ex vivo. We report here for the first time a fermentation medium (mVL-3) that closely mimics the substrate conditions in the chicken cecum and supports the growth and metabolic activity of the cecal bacterial akin to the host. In conclusion, we showed that PolyFermS is a suitable model for mimicking chicken cecal microbiota fermentation allowing ethical and ex vivo screening of environmental factors, such as dietary additives, on chicken cecal fermentation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the continuous inoculation provided by the inoculum reactor generated reproducible metabolic profiles in second-stage reactors comparable to the chicken cecum, allowing for the simultaneous investigation and direct comparison of different treatments with a control. Besides, conserved metabolic and functional Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were observed between in vitro microbiota and cecal inoculum microbiota as predicted by functional metagenomics analysis. Relevant bacterial functional groups containing primary fibrolytic ( Bacteroides, Bifidobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae ), glycolytic ( Enterococcus ), mucolytic ( Bacteroides ), proteolytic ( Bacteroides ), and secondary acetate-utilizing butyrate-producing and propionate-producing ( Lachnospiraceae ) taxa were preserved in vitro. We observed that our model inoculated with immobilized cecal microbiota and fed with a modified Viande Levure medium (mVL-3) reached a high bacterial cell density of up to approximately 10.5 log cells per mL and stable microbiota composition, akin to the host, during 82 days of continuous operation. In this study, we used the PolyFermS model to mimic the conditions of the chicken cecum and evaluated three nutritive media for in vitro modeling of the chicken cecal microbiota ecology and metabolism. Continuous in vitro fermentation models provide a useful tool for a fast, reproducible, and direct assessment of treatment-related changes in microbiota metabolism and composition independent of the host.
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